TUFTS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES
3 9090 014 553 438
Webster hc;i>iih ^^terinary Medicbie
Cummings Sen oui of Veterinary Medidfie at
Tufts University
200 Westboro Roac*
North Graflon, IMA 01536
^
HOW TO EIDE
AND
SCHOOL A HOESE,
HOW TO RIDE
AND
SCHOOL A HORSE
WITH A SYSTEM OF HOKSE GYMNASTICS.
EDWAED L. ANDEKSON.
" Already a good horseman, he- was now initiated into the arts
of the manage, which, when carried to perfection, ahnost realize
the fable of the Centaur, the guidance of the horse appearing to
proceed from the rider's mere volition, rather than from the use
of any external and apparent signal of motion."— Waverley.
LONDON :
W. H. ALLEN & CO., 13, WATERLOO PLACE.
1881.
(All Rights Reserved.)
H3
INTEODUCTION,
o:-
It is to be regretted that, in this
nation of horsemen, riding, as practised
in the schools, should have fallen into
disuse ; for the manege is the foundation
of horsemanship. This neglect is
owing, in a great measure, to the
prejudice that once prevailed against
the formal seat and the unnecessary-
airs of la haute-ecole. But, in most
VI INTEODUCTION.
countries of Europe, school-riding has
advanced with the age, and it is now
recognised, by the professors of the
art, that each man has a seat pecuhar
to himself, and those movements only-
are practised that are necessary to
give the rider control over his horse
under all circumstances.
When we see that school-riding,
in one form or another, is used in all
armies, and, indeed, wiierever the
horse must be under command, it is
hardly necessary to argue the import-
ance of a knowledge of its laws by all
who desire to ride w^ell. And although
in the extended gallop of the hunting-
field, it is impossible to retain the
equilibrium of the maurge, the horse
will be the more amenable for his
INTKODUCTION. vil
schooling, and the rider will always
have the resources of his art.
I think that it is a mistake to place
childi-en of tender age upon horse-
back, for there is nothing to be gained
in such a course that will compensate
for the risk of injuries they may
receive. An active man may learn
to ride well at any age ; and a bold
boy of fourteen, who comprehends the
system upon which he is taught, will
in six months become a better horse-
man than the lad who has been riding
six years according to his own ideas.
It is not given to all men to excel in
riding : courage, activity, a perfect
temper, and aptitude for the exercise
are requisite for the acquirement of
the highest skill. But a knowledge
VUl INTKODUCTION.
of a proper method will give to every
one comparative immunity from the
dangers that attend horsemanship.
A schooled-horse, confiding in his
master and obedient to the spur, is
not apt to try his powers in rebel-
lion; and when in hand and properly
gathered he will recover from a mistake
that might otherwise prove disastrous.
In these papers I have endeavoured
to present a system of riding and
training by which the pupil may
become his own master.
For many years I have been school-
ing horses for my recreation, and I
have had advice and instruction fi'om
some of the most accomplished horse-
men of our day. In particular I owe
my acknowledgments to Mr. Joseph
INTRODUCTION. IX
Merklen, formerly of the French
Cavalry Service. From him I learned
the method of horse-gymnastics, which,
together with much that will, I hope,
be new to my readers, I now offer for
their consideration.
How to Use a Horse.
The whip and the spur are necessary
aids in the education of the horse, and
in compelling his obedience after he
has been trained. The first should
be seldom used, the latter never, to
inflict punishment. For instance, if a
horse rears, the spurs must be employed
to force the action of the hind-quarters,
and so to drive him forward ; but
having brought about that result, they
X INTRODUCTION.
must not be thrust into him to punish
him for rearing. The horse is to be
taught that the spur is appHed to make
him bring certain forces into action,
and when used with discretion he will
respond to it ; but unnecessary strokes
with the spur will rouse his resentment,
and he will stubbornly refuse to obey its
indications. It serves no good purpose
to irritate a horse, as he will never
yield while angry. A contest between
horse and rider should always be
avoided, for, in addition to the chances
that the former will prove the victor, a
high-spirited animal may be made in-
curably vicious, when by milder treat-
ment he could be subdued without
endangering his usefulness. A rebuke
in a harsh tone of voice will generally
INTRODUCTION. XI
suffice to correct a horse, and lie will
not know how to resent it. The best
way to control the horse is through
firmness and kindness, hut timidity is
worse than severity in inducing vice.
The young horse soon becomes tract-
able, and as long as his temper is un-
ruffled he desires to do that which is
required of him. Until the spirit of
rebellion is awakened, he is as anxious
to avoid the perils of battle as his
master should be. If upon an occasion
he declines to perform some movement,
that is required of him, let his atten-
tion be turned to that which will
please him, and his obedience in this
vnll induce his obedience afterwards tO'
the first demand. To give up to him
after a battle will confirm his obstinacy,
XU INTRODUCTION.
bnt he will soon forget his unnoticed
defiance. Under proper treatment he
will in time yield to the will of his
master without dreaming of resistance.
The story of Tarleton taming his
savage steed with bloody spurs, and the
vivid descriptions of the manner in
which the Mexican breaks the spirit
of the mustang, may pass to adorn the
pages of a romance, or to heighten the
interest of a traveller's tale. But,
aside from the cruelty and peril of such
methods, there remains the fact that
horses so hrol'en submit for the time
only, and the struggle is to be repeated
more or less often. Except in those
rare cases of horses naturally vicious,
and they are lunatics, fear is the
mastering passion of the horse. It is
INTKODUCTION. XIU
cowardice that drives him to desperate
resistance against the sway of his
master; the effort that is successful
in ridding him of his tyrant suggests
his favourite vice.
I do not, in these remarks, have
reference to those tricks that a horse
acquires through the inexperience or
the timidity of a rider, for, Hke all
cowards, the horse loves to play the
bully. As he will seldom take the
liberty of practising these upon a reso-
lute man, it is not necessary to point
out to his victims what course ta
pursue.
If the horse is taught to calm his
fears at the sound of the voice of man
if he is never ill-treated, in or out of
the stable— if he does not perceive
XIV INTRODUCTION.
timidity upon the part of his masters,
and if, with all these conditions, he is
^ven plenty of air and exercise, he will
never show vice.
The Saddle.
The tree, of the pattern known to
the world as the Enghsh saddle, should
be selected and covered to permit the
rider, with his peculiarities of figure,
taking an erect position fi'om his but-
tocks. It must be large enough. A
saddle that is too short prohibits a
proper seat, but the rider may be com-
fortable in a saddle that is larger than
is absolutely required.
The panel should be stuffed to fit
the horse when the saddle is placed as
INTRODUCTION. XV
far forward as will admit of the free use
of the shoulders.
The stirrups should be roomy, with
a broad tread, and of medium weight.
The holes of the leathers should be
punched to correspond, and numbered.
The leathers should be attached to the
saddle by a spring-bar ; the bar that
works upon a hinge is the best.
Bits and Martingales.
There is no combination-bit that
will supply the place of the " curb and
snaffle " of the double bridle. The
effects of both of these are required in
schooling and in riding the horse.
And, although they are never to be
used simultaneously, the action of one
XVI INTRODUCTION.
must often follow that of the other in
a manner that precludes the substitu-
tion of a single bit.
The snaffle should be buckled to the
under check-pieces of the bridle, so
that it will lie up in the corners of the
mouth without pressure.
The mouth-piece of the curb should
be of proper width. It is to rest upon
the bars of the mouth ; for which
reason the port should be of a size to
hold the tongue, but it must not he
high enough to torture the horse. The
other dimensions of this bit are
determined according to laws of
mechanics. The cheek-pieces will be
of such a length as to permit the loosety
fastened curb- chain falling into the
groove of the chin ; the branches will
INTRODUCTION. XVll
be double that length. As the curb-
chain is fastened to the lower part of
the eyes of the cheek-pieces, two and a
half inches will be found to be about
the length of those arms, and the
branches will then be five inches long.
When the bits have been fitted, and
the horse has become accustomed to
them, they should not be shifted.
There is little to be said in favour of
martingales. The martingale tends to
keep the snaffle in place upon a young
or a tender-mouthed horse, who throws
up his head to a heavy hand ; but its
intervention denies that delicate tension
on the mouth that we are seeking ;
and it will not cure, although it may
restrain, the habit that seems to
demand its use. The standing martin-
b
XVlll INTEODUCTION .
gale, buckled into the bit, is a cruel
instrument that may throw the horse.
The least objectionable of all the
martingales is that attached to a nose-
band. But this, to be of any service,
confines the head of the horse too
much for him to make the necessary
efforts to recover from a mistake.
None of these contrivances will prevent
a horse rearing, and the last named
will answer all the purposes that the
others may.
I believe that every horse is suscep-
tible of being taught to carry his head
in position, and I shall endeavour to
show how this end may bo brought
about.
CONTENTS
:o:-
INTEODUCTION iii
How TO Use a Horse . . . . vii
The Saddle xii
Bits and Maetingales .... xiu
PAKT I.
How TO KiDE.
To Mount 1
The Seat .5
The Reins 10
Horse Gymnastics 13
Hands and Legs . . . . .22
The Walk B9
The Trot 40
The Gallop 42
Leaping 47
Vices, Tricks, and Faults . . . 51
XX CONTENTS.
PAET II.
How TO School a Horse,
PAGE
The Eaely Education of the Horse . . GO
Plbguettes ...... 66
Traversing ....... 76
Changes in the Gallop .... 81
To Stop at the Gallop . . . .85
To Back 87
When Ladies Ride . . . . .90
HOW TO RIDE
AND
SCHOOL A HOESE.
PAKT I.
HOW TO EIDE.
To Mount.
Facing the near side of the horse,
stand opposite his girth ; take the
reins in the right hand, and with it
grasp the pommel of the saddle,
shortening the reins until you feel the
mouth of the horse.
Hold the stirrup with the left hand,
and insert the left foot; seize a lock
of the mane in the left hand, close
1
2 HOW TO RIDE
to the crest of the neck, turning the
thumb uppermost.
Else in the stirrup, aided by both
hands, until the left leg is straightened ;
carry over the right leg, and sink into
the saddle.
When the seat is obtained release the
holds upon the mane and pommel, and
pass the reins into the left hand.
After the left hand has seized the
mane the horse cannot prevent the
rider reaching his seat ; and the rider
firmly establishes himself before he
withdraws the support of either hand.
There is no diflSculty, for one who
is not infirm, to mount in this way,
and the only objection that can be
made to it, so far as I can see, is that
by a ^* cow-kick " the man standing at
AND SCHOOL A HORSE. 6
the girth may receive an injury. But
this is a rare vice, and a horse that
kicks is dangerous to approach, for
mounting or for any other purpose ; so
that it is hardly worth while to abandon
a system that is otherwise excellent,
because it does not apply to a very
small class of vicious brutes, that
should not be used for saddle under
any circumstances.
On the other hand, nearly every
horse will paw with a fore-foot, if at all
impatient, and he who stands in front
of the shoulder of a horse is not secure
from injury. Among the other dis-
advantages of the generally adopted
method I may mention the follow-
ing :—
1. The rider, standing in front of the
1 *
HOW TO KIDE
shoulder of the horse, may be
overset by a forward movement ;
and this danger is greatly in-
creased after the foot is put into
the stirrup.
2. The left hand, entangled and held
in the hairs of the mane, cannot
use the reins.
3. The drag upon the cantle of the
saddle must, in all cases, disturb
its position, and may cause it
to turn.
4. The right arm fastened to the
cantle of the saddle prevents
the right leg passing over the
back of the horse.
5. To pass the right leg over the
horse the right arm must be
removed ; thus taking away the
AND SCHOOL A HOKSE. 5
principal brace of the body at
the most critical time, and
allowing the body, in case of
any movement, to fall backwards
towards the shoulder of the
horse.
6. The absence of a reason for any
one motion in the method.
The Seat.
Upon the seat depends the security
of the rider, not only as regards his
remaining upon the horse, but in per-
mitting him to use that lightness and
dehcacy of touch that is required to
manage and control the horse. It has
6 HOW TO EIDE
often been said that this desired
lightness of touch is a rare gift, wholly
denied to strong men. But if a man
have a seat that is independent of any
support from the reins, he may acquire
a light touch upon the mouth of the
horse as readily as he may make a fine
stroke with a pen.
As I have said, each man has a seat
pecuHar to himself, and that will be
his seat for aU purposes, whether in the
field, upon the road, or in the school.
It will be obtained in the following
manner : —
After having reached the saddle,
disengage the left foot from the stirrup.
Then bearing the weight of the body
upon the buttocks, make the inner
sides of the thigh, from the knee up,
AND SCHOOL A HOKSE. I
grasp the saddle. The body must be
held erect, the shoulders thrown back,
and the chin drawn in ; and the elbows
should be carried close to the sides.
The legs, from the knee down, should
hang without stiffness, and the feet
will, without effort, find their proper
place, parallel with the body of the
horse.
The length of stirrup-leather will be
found when the tread of the iron strikes
the heel of the boot immediately above
the junction of the sole. The toes will
be raised and inserted in the stirrups
as far as the balls of the feet.
The stability of the seat is dependent
upon the tveight of the body, the balance,
and the grasp of the thighs. The erect
seat upon the breech, that we have
8 HOW TO EIDE
described, permits the body to make,
most readily, those motions that are
necessary for preserving the perpen-
dicular application of the weight, and
for keeping the balance. The strongest
hold upon the saddle possible is with
the inside of the thighs.
There should be no pressure upon
the stirrups ; for this would relieve the
weight, disturb the balance, and force
the grip of the thighs. It is no ar-
gument in favour of riding upon the
stirrups that the horsemen of the East
carry their knees up to the pummel of
the saddle, for the Mexicans, who are
better riders, extend the leg to its full
length. It is in spite of bad systems
that these peoples who Hve on horse-
back become skilful in the management
AND SCHOOL A HOESE. 9
of their steeds. Because a circus per-
former standing upon one leg keeps his
horse under circumstances that would
prevent a poor rider from keeping
in his saddle, it is no argument that
the proper way to ride is upon one
leg.
The seat having been found and the
stirrups having been adjusted, no
changes should be made for the dif-
ferent circumstances under which the
rider will be called upon to exercise
his skill. It is bad art when the
principles are not suited to every
emergency ; and the seat that has
been found to be that in which the
centre of gravity can best be preserved
in the high airs of the manege^ where
the horse makes the most violent
10 HOW TO RIDE
movements of the fore-hand and of
the croup, should answer all require-
ments.
The Keins.
The beginner will use the reins of
the snaffle only. He will take a rein
in the grasp of each hand, the loose
end passing under and held by the
thumb, at a length that will give
him command of the mouth of the
horse.
In teaching the horse the changes
of dii'ection, as is described in the
chapter upon '* Hands and Legs," one
hand will hold the curb, the reins
divided by the Httle finger and grasped
AND SCHOOL A HOKSE. 11
by the thumb ; while the snaffle-reins
will be held above those of the curb,
divided by the breadth of the other
hand.
There are various ways prescribed
for holding the reins in riding the
trained horses, but I prefer the follow-
ing method : —
In the left hand : the curb-reins
divided by the little finger ; the snaffle-
reins divided by the middle finger ; the
ends of both sets carried up through
the hand and secured by the thumb,
which should be uppermost and pointed
to the ears of the horse. By bending
the wrist to the right so that the
knuckles come uppermost, the head of
the horse will be carried to the right
and the change made in that direction.
12 HOW TO EIDE
By bending the wrist to the left, so
that the finger-nails come uppermost,
the horse will be turned to the left.
There should never be tension upon
the two bits at the same time. The
horse should be ridden upon the curb ;
the snaffle will be used to fix the
height of his head, and, occasionally
to take the place of the curb to freshen
the mouth.
The right hand will be carried upon
the loose ends of the reins to assist
the left.
and school a hokse. 13
Horse Gymnastics.
The following exercises will be found
of great service in giving strength to
the seat, in aiding the balance, in
teaching the habit of regaining a lost
position without disturbing the tension
of the reins, and in giving ease and
grace to all the motions of the rider.
When so indicated, these movements
will be made from the position pre-
scribed for " the seat.''
Exercises for the Seat,
I.
In the seat, with the arm hanging
motionless by his side, let the pupil
take away one thigh from contact with
14 HOW TO EIDE
the saddle and bring it back into its
place, with the point of the knee
turned in as much as possible, the
movement being made by a rotation of
the hip joint. This should then be
done with the other leg.
II.
From the seat, and the rest of the
body in quiet, raise both knees to meet
above the pommel of the saddle, and
bring them back to the saddle, making
the inner sides of the thighs take as
many points of contact as possible.
III.
In the seat, keeping the thighs close
to the saddle, let the pupil lean back
until his shoulders touch the romp of
AND SCHOOL A HOKSE. 16
the horse ; then let him quietly recover
his erect position.
IV.
In the seat, keeping the buttocks in
the saddle and the thighs in place, let
the pupil lean forward and slightly to
one side until one of his shoulders
touches the crest of the horse. Then
let him slowly recover his position.
V.
In the seat, let the body sway for-
ward, to one side, to the rear, to the
other side, and then into position ;
then reverse the movement.
VI.
Lose the seat to the right, and
without aid from the hands bring the
16 HOW TO EIDE
body back into the saddle by a quick
turn of the buttocks; then make the
movements to the other side. This
should be practised at the walk, at
the trot, and at the gallop.
For the Balance.
I.
In the seat, the arms hanging with-
out stiffness, carry the right leg over
the pommel to the left side ; then
carry both legs over to the right;
then come back to the seat by carrying
the left leg to its place.
II.
In the seat, carry the right leg over
the pommel to the left side ; then
AND SCHOOL A HOESE. 17
work the body upon the buttocks as
a pivot until the face is to the rear.
Carry the left leg over, then the right
leg, and work the body upon the
buttocks as a pivot until the face is
to the front. Eesume the seat by
carrying the left leg over the pommel
to its place ; then reverse the move-
ment.
For the Legs and Feet.
I.
In the seat, keeping the knees fixed,
bring the lower part of first the one
leg and then the other, as high up on
the side of the horse as is possible,
without either touching the horse or
moving the knee. This movement
should be done at the walk, at the
18 HOW TO EIDE
trot, and at the gallop, so that the
rider may have perfect control of
the action of the legs in directing the
movements of the croup.
II.
In the seat, the legs hanging with-
out stiffness and the rest of the body
quiet, rotate, first the one foot and
then the other, from the ankle joint,
with an outward and then an inward
movement. The improvement in this
exercise may be measured by the
facihty with which the pupil can gain
his stirrups by the action of the feet
only.
To Mount.
Standing at the shoulder of the
horse, facing the near side, seize a
AND SCHOOL A HOKSE. 19
lock of the mane close to the crest,
the hairs passing down through the
hand, the thumb uppermost.
With the right hand grasp the
pommel of the saddle, the fingers
under the tree, the thumb extended
towards the ground.
Leave the ground with a spring and
take the weight of the body upon the
arms until the fork is level with the
withers of the horse, resting a moment
in this position.
Carry the right leg over, and sink
quietly into the saddle.
Eelease the holds upon the mane
and the pommel.
To those who have never tried it,
this movement appears to be difficult.
It is, in fact, very easy, and should
2 *
20 HOW TO EIDE
be accomplislied after a few trials by
anyone who is active enough to under-
take riding. It should be performed
at the walk, at the trot, and at the
gallop. At the gallop care must be
taken not^to carry the body over too
much in putting the right leg across
the horse, nor needjthe body be carried
so high as when the horse is at rest, nor
is the momentary stop to be observed.
To Dismount.
Seize the mane and pommel as in
mounting. Bear the weight upon the
straightened arms as the right leg is
brought over to the left side. Hold the
body for a moment perpendicularly to
the side of the horse, the whole weight
being supported by the two arms.
AND SCHOOL A HOESE. 21
Drop gently to the ground at the
shoulder of the horse. This may be
done at the gallop, by avoiding the
momentary rest and coming down
prepared to take a few steps with the
horse, after which the holds upon the
mane and pommel should be released.
General Exercises,
I.
From the seat, grasping each side of
the fore-part of the saddle, bear the
weight of the body upon the extended
arms, turning the balanced body first
one way and then the other.
II.
From the seat, grasping each side of
the fore-part of the saddle, throw the
22 HOW TO RIDE
body forward upon the slightly bent
arms towards the neck of the horse ;
and throwing up the legs in rear, cross
them, and come into the saddle faced
to the rear.
III.
From this position, place the palms
of the hands npon the rnmp of the
horse, and performing a movement
similar to the above, come into the
saddle faced to the fi'ont.
Hands and Legs.
The horse is propelled by the hind-
quarters, and the movements are
directed by the fore-hand. The legs
AND SCHOOL A HOKSE. 23
of the rider act upon the croup, and by
their pressure bring forward those
forces ; the hand restrains the forces
of the fore-hand, and collects and
guides all. When the forces of the
croup are brought forward to such a
a point that they meet and balance
the forces of the fore-hand, the horse
is in equihbrium, and no movement
can be generated until one or other of
the forces predominate.
As the legs act upon the forces of
the croup, and as the hand governs
the forces of the fore-hand, it will be
seen that this union and balance of
the forces puts the immediate and
distinct control of the mass within the
power of the rider.
The forward movement of the horse
24 HOW TO BIDE
will be measured by the effect of the
forces of the croup to predominate,
and the corresponding yielding of the
forces of the fore-hand.
But if the force opposite the aug-
mented force does not yield, then that
unyielding part is the more firmly
fixed to the ground, as by an in-
cumbent weight, and if action takes
place it must either be in rearing or
in kicking.
If the forces of the croup predo-
minate, and the fore-hand does not
yield to correspond, then the action ot
this latter part is hampered. But if,
as the forces of the croup seek to
advance the point of union, an advance
is made by the fore- quarters, the equi-
librium may still be approximately
AND SCHOOL A HORSE. 25
obtained. That is, if this equilibrium
is to be maintained, the forward move-
ment of the fore-hand will be permitted
as the forces of the croup are brought
forward.
If the speed is to be increased, the
legs will act upon the croup and the
hand will give freedom to the fore-
hand. If it is desired to moderate
the speed the forces of the fore-hand
wiU be brought back ; and when they
are brought back to a point where they
balance the forces of the croup, a halt
is brought about. If the forces of the
fore-hand are brought back beyond this
point of balance, the mass must move
back, or undue weight must fall upon
and fix the croup.
It is the object of the rider to
26 HOW TO EIDE
maintain the approximate equilibrium
in all the movements of the horse.
But to obtain the control of these
forces, all the resistances, active or by
the will of the horse, and passive or
by the weight of the horse, must be
overcome.
That is, the horse must be suppled
in the fore-hand and in the croup, must
obey the legs, and be amenable to the
bit. The method of suppling the croup
and of teaching obedience to the
pressure of the legs, w411 be treated at
length in the chapter upon *^ The
Pirouettes." We shall now turn our
attention to the fore-hand and to its
seat of feeling, the mouth.
The horse must first be taught that
he cannot pass beyond the Hmit put
AND SCHOOL A HOKSE. 27
by the hand without bringing pain
upon himself, but that so long as he
is obedient to the bit he finds comfort.
To this end the hand will firmly resist
any attempts of the horse to go beyond
the Hmit fixed, but it will make a
concession whenever he yields his
opposition. The next step will be to
make him relax his jaw and bring his
head into position, so that there will
be no opposition to the bit. To ac-
compHsh this the rider will be mounted
and the horse will be kept upon his
ground. Taking the curb-reins in the
left hand, the rider will make gentle
vibrations of the right rein with the
right hand until the horse gives the
jaw. A word of encouragement will
be given and the tension will be re-
28 HOW TO RIDE
leased. Then changing the curb-reins
into the right hand, the same thing
will be done with the left rein by the
left hand. After the horse will yield
to either side, he will be induced to
give up the opposition of the jaw, and
bring the head into position by the
same vibrating motions of the two
reins at equal length. If the horse
hangs upon the bit, he will be in-
duced to bring up his head and carry
his own weight by a few pulls upon
the snaffle-bit, from below upwards.
But there is never to be a steady
tension upon the bit, the horse is to
be kept in hand by a series of shght
touches that are to be relaxed the
moment the resistance ends. When
there is a steady pull, no matter how
AND SCHOOL A HOKSE. 29
light it may be, the equilibrium is
destroyed.
By a pressure of the legs the horse
will be made to bring his hind-legs in
under him, a forward movement being
prevented and lightness in front being
secured by the means above recited.
When these forces from the fore-hand
and from the croup are gathered and
balanced, the horse is in equilibrium,
and is ready for any movement without
further preparation.
After these lessons have been re-
peated at the halt until he desists from
opposition, he will be put into the
walk, the trot, and the gallop, the
approximate equilibrium being at all
times demanded. If he attempts to
go beyond the bit he must be re-
30 HOW TO EIDE
strained, and lightness must be kept
up by tbe gentle, intermittent tensions
of the curbs. If he hangs back the
heels must keep the forces of the
croup up to the point that is required
by the desired speed.
It is through ignoring the fact that
a horse's fore-hand may be lightened
by the play of the bit, that induces
some writers upon riding to adopt
crude and improper means for pro-
ducing the different movements de-
pending upon that condition. A badly
trained horse wiU bear upon the bit
of the* heavy hand, and instead of
becoming hght in the front at its
pressure upon the mouth, the fore-
hand will be the heavier for this
opposition. It is for such horses and
AND SCHOOL A HOKSE. 31
such riders that some writers upon
the art advocate that the head should
be pulled to the left to lighten the
right shoulder, when the rider wishes
his horse to lead in the gallop with
the right side. Now it is agreed on
all hands that a horse's head should be
turned in the direction that he goes.
In the above instance the head of the
horse is turned to the left and he is
to lead off with the right side. Then
if his head is carried to the right to
change direction to that side, the horse
should, if he answers to his signals,
change his leg and be false in his
gallop. But when the heavy-handed
rider has on some occasion made his
horse rear, he finds that when the
horse is forced to yield to the hand he
32 HOW TO EIDE
becomes light in front, and the theory
we support is in that case proved.
We have seen that by overcoming
the resistances of the fore-hand we
can lighten that part without violence,
and when we come to the lesson upon
the gallop the same principles will be
applied to make the horse lead with
either leg. For if the fore-hand is
made light by the proper action of the
bit, that side will be made the Hghter
upon which the action is the more
strongly defined, so that to make him
lead off with the right leg we shall
raise that side with the right rein,
and the horse will move off with his
head in the proper position.
AND SCHOOL A HORSE. 33
To Change Direction,
We will suppose that the horse has
SO far progressed in his education that
he may be put into the walk, and yet
be so obedient to the bit that he
retains the equilibrium as far as i&
possible. Keeping him at a steady
walk, the rider will accustom him to
bear the pressure of the legs by ap-
plying them, first one and then the
other, as the horse raises the opposite
fore-leg. This will serve to improve
the action of the gait, as well
as to bring him to bear the pressure
of the legs without flinching. When
he will answer the pressure of the legs
and bare heels by bringing forward
the forces of the croup, and will
34 HOW TO KIDE
measure his speed by the freedom
given him by the hand without forcing
himself upon it, he will be accustomed
to the spur until he bears the scratch
of the rowel with the same com-
placency that he bore the attacks of
the heels. This can be brought about
without trouble by quieting the horse
by voice and hand after each appli-
cation of the aid, which at first should
be very Hght, to gradually increase in
force. The spur should never be given
with a shock, but the foot should be
carried back and the rowel quietly
but quickly apphed by lowering the
toe. After the horse finds that the
spur comes soon after the pressure of
the leg he w^ill rarely require the
a,ppHcation of the severer form of the
AND SCHOOL A HOKSE. 35
aid, and the whole education of the
horse will tend to make him quick
and lively in his motions, and ohedient
to the slightest expression of his
master's will.
The horse, in hand and gathered,
will be put into the walk, and the rider
will practise the change of direction
to the right. Taking the curb-reins
in the left hand, he will hold the
snaffle-reins divided by the width of
his right hand. Upon arriving at the
point where a new direction is to be
taken, the rider will turn the head of
the horse by the direct apphcation
of the right snaffle-rein, and when
the horse turns into the new path the
left hand will be carried to the right,
so that the left curb-rein will press
36 HOW TO RIDE
against the left side of the neck. The
legs of the rider will give such aid
in bringing up the croup in the new
direction as the circumstances may
require.
After the horse will turn readily to
the demand of the snaffle-bit, he will
be made to take the new dii-ection
with the unaided use of the curb, the
left-hand being canied to the right so
that the outside rein presses upon the
neck, and bends his head in the direc-
tion he is to move.
Carrying the curb-reins in the
right hand and those of the snaffle
in the left, the change of direction to
the left will be made in a similar
manner.
The horse will be accustomed to be
AND SCHOOL A HOKSE. 37
brought to a stop from the walk by the
rider raising the hand and leaning back
in the seat, and gently pressing with
the legs to bring under the forces of
the croup.
The horse standing, and in equili-
brium, the rider will induce him to
bend his head and neck, first to one
side and then to the other, by the
vibratory motion of the direct curb-
rein. Both legs will be kept close to
the sides of the horse to keep him
steady, the opposite leg being rather
closer to overcome resistance and to
prevent a movement of the croup
against it. The horse will not be per-
mitted to carry back his head, at will,
from the bent posture, but the rider
will bring it back into position by the
38 HOW TO EIDE
rein opposed to that by which the
movement was begun.
It only remains, for the present, that
the horse should be taught to bend the
croup, at the application of the heel,
sufficiently to put him into position
for the gallop. He will first be made
to take a step with the hind legs to
the right by the application of the left
leg, the right rein playing with the
mouth to remove the opposition of the
right shoulder. By inverse means the
croup wdll be moved a step to the left.
In all movements of the croup the
legs should be held close to the horse,
so that the action produced by the one
may be readily checked by the other.
and school a horse. 39
The Walk and the Trot.
It is not necessary, nor is it desir-
able, that the tight grip of the thighs
should be maintained while at the
walk. The gait is so smooth that the
weight and the balance will serve to
keep the rider in his seat, and the
knees being in position the thighs may
instantaneously take their hold in case
of a sudden start of the horse. But
this ease should never degenerate into
negligence, and as a horse is more apt
to stumble at a walk than at a quicker
gait the rider must never permit his
attention to be taken from his horse.
The horse should be kept constantly in
hand, particularly after any great exer-
tion that has called upon his strength,
40 HOW TO RIDE
for he is mucli less able to recover from
a mistake when tie is tired, and he feels
the fatigue less when he is kept roused.
In going down-hill he must have Hberty
enough to permit his body conforming
to the slope of the ground, so that he
may extend his step safely.
For the trot the horse must be kept
light, between the application of the
hand and legs. The speed will be re-
strained by the first or augmented by
the latter, at the will of the rider, whose
efforts should be so directed as to give
a regularly-cadenced gait of equal
action, in the highest equilibrium pos-
sible. The height and brilliancy of
movement in the trot may be governed
by the appHcation of first the one and
then the other spur as the opposite
AND SCHOOL A HORSE.
41
fore-leg of the horse is raised to step
off. In this way it may be developed
into the Spanish trot of the manege.
In the trot the rider should sit erect,
with the shoulders thrown back, and
the thighs close to the saddle.
If the rider rises to the trot the con-
stant shifting of the weight wiU greatly
interfere with the equilibrium of the
mass, but it is not necessary that the
horse should get out of hand or be
permitted to bear upon the bit. The
rider should take no support from the
bit, but should hold his hand so that
it will be independent of the motion
he allows his body to make. To rise
in the trot the rider will make use of
the knees to secure the seat and allow
his body, sHghtly sustained by the
42 HOW TO EIDE
stirrups, to be thrown up by the
motion of the horse, letting his weight
sink back into the saddle in time to
take the next impetus of the gait.
The shoulders should be held easy,
but in rest ; and the legs should hang
straight down from the knee, and must
not be permitted to work along the
sides of the horse.
The Gallop.
In the gallop, which is a succession
of leaps, the rider will lean shghtly
back, so that the buttocks will be
carried well under him, and hold the
body without stiffness. The positions
of the body must, however, always
conform to the action of the horse, and
AND SCHOOL A HOKSE. 43
to the direction in which he goes ; and
practice must show what, and how
great, these changes should be. In the
gallop the horse must be true, to insure
his balance and safe-footing. To be
true in the gallop the fore and corre-
sponding hind-leg will be in the lead of
that side to which the horse is turning
or moving. For instance, if it is the
intention to turn or to move the horse
at a gallop to the right he must have
the head and croup bent to the right,
and must take the long strides of the
gait with the fore and hind leg of that
side. This will preserve his centre of
gravity, and in case of a mistake he
has his legs in under him to help him
to a recovery. If the horse is galloping
in a straight Hne it makes no diflference
44 HOW TO RIDE
with which of his fore-legs he takes
the long stride or lead, provided the
hind-leg of that side corresponds.
If a horse takes the long strides
with the right fore-leg and the left
hind-leg he is disunited, and has
not got his powers well in control. If
in turning to the left he is leading with
the right legs, he can with difficulty
retain the centre of gravity, and is apt
to fall at the slightest blunder. We
say that a horse leads on that side
when he makes the long strides wdth
the legs of one or other side. But the
fact is, the fore-leg of the other side
leaves the ground before the fore-leg
which makes the long stride does, and
the same thing is true of the hind-legs.
But the legs on the side to which he
AND SCHOOL A HORSE. 45
has been bent pass the others in their
longer stride, and the horse is said
to lead with them.
To put the horse into the gallop,
leading with the off-leg, let the rider
bring him into equilibrium, then
lightening the fore-hand, and parti-
cularly the right shoulder, with a play
of the direct rein, let him press in the
left heel. In consequence of these
movements on his part the horse will
take the gallop with the legs on the
right side making the larger strides ;
for the right shoulder is free to extend
itself in answer to the propulsion of
the forces from the croup, and the
hind-quarters being bent around to the
right, the hind-leg on that side must
follow with a similar step. The croup
46 HOW TO KIDE
of the horse, bending to the right at
the appHcation of the opposite spur,
will make the longer stride with the
hind-leg that is so advanced, and such
a movement is required to preserve
the centre of gi'a^dty under the con-
ditions.
The horse ha^dng been put into the
gallop, he will be aligned upon the
path he follows by means of the
hand and lei;s. The trained horse
under the skilled rider ^^'ill take the
gallop upon the right or upon the left
leg without bending perceptibly ; for
so perfect will be the equihbrium and
the control, that the measured use of
the aids will inaugurate a movement
that will not require correction.
and school a horse. 47
Leaping.
The pupil should first practice the
standing leap, and upon a well-trained
horse. The horse standing at the bar
will be induced to rise by transferring
the forces of the fore-hand back, and
by the pressure of the legs will be
made to spring forwards.
As the horse rises the rider will
bend slightly forward, giving the horse
the reins. When the horse leaves the
ground the rider should lean back, so
that he may preserve his centre of
gravity, and by bringing his buttocks
well in under him receive the shock in
the strongest possible seat. As the
hind-legs of the horse reach the ground
the rider will resume his erect position.
48 HOW TO RIDE
Any bearing upon the stirrups will
disturb the seat, and may cause the
rider to fall.
There must be no attempt on the
part of the rider to lift the horse, and
when the hand has played its part of
conveying back the forces of the fore-
quarters it must ease the tension of the
reins until the fore-feet of the horse
touch the ground, when he will feel
the mouth to give the horse such
support as he may need to recover the
equihbrium.
In taking the flying leap the seat will
be nearly the same as that for the gal-
lop; the rider will not lean forward as
in the standing leap, for the action of
the horse will not require it, and if he
swerves or refuses the rider should be
AND SCHOOL A HOESE. 49
sitting well back to avoid a fall. As
the horse makes the exertion for the
jump the rider will bring his breech
well under, lean back as far as the
effort the horse is about to make
shall demand, and resume the position
for the gallop when the horse alights,
at the same moment collecting him
for the same speed with which he ap-
proached the leap, but taking care not
to check him or harass his movements.
When the horse takes the flying leap
he must have the fullest Hberty of his
head ; the bit being used only to direct
him to the obstacle, and its tension
released before the horse rises in the
leap. The legs will be carried in close
to the sides of the horse to support
him, but he should be neither spurred
50 HOW TO RIDE
nor whipped at the jump, as it dis-
tracts his attention at a critical
moment. If he requires it the horse
should be roused before he comes upon
the ground where he is to decide upon
his place for taking off, and from that
time he should be left to himself until
he receives the support of the bridle
as his fore-feet touch the ground. The
trick of throwing up one arm, or of
giving a cry of encouragement to the
horse as he rises, may work mischief
by causing him to swerve, but it is
then too late to offer him aid in gather-
ing for the leap.
The horse should not be ridden to a
high leap at a speed that extends him
too much. He should not be so flurried
as he approaches a wide leap that he
J
AND SCHOOL A HORSE. 61
cannot use his instincts for safety. If
a horse jumps in a slovenly manner he
should be remanded to the school.
Vices, Tricks, and Faults.
The severity with which a horse has
been punished for a fault is, usually,
the measure of the violence with which
he will repeat it. It is this violence
that makes the horse so dangerous in
his rebellion, for until he loses his
reason he will take care not to injure
himself, and so in a measure protects
his rider. Few young horses are dan-
gerous in their resistances until they
have met with cruel treatment. It is
seldom that a colt in breaking will bolt
52 HOW TO EIDE
with his rider ; it is usually the old
offender who is guilty of this most
dangerous of vices. Although nearly
every young horse will rear at the
pressure of the bit, he will seldom rise
to a dangerous height, and he soon
ceases to offend in that way. A horse
must he corrected and put right, but
it is never necessary to resort to severe
punishments. Fortunately the horse is
an animal of one idea, and when he has
determined upon his line of opposition
he is easily circumvented and humbled.
If he refuses to turn to the right he
will be so intent upon opposing the
right rein that he may be turned
around to the left until he is confused,
when he will very gladly go in any
direction. If he decUnes to go forward
AND SCHOOL A HORSE. 63
he is not prepared to resist a demand
for a backward movement, and he will
soon tire of that unusual mode and
start forward at the first hint from his
rider. But a horse properly broken
and trained will not be guilty of such
contumacy, and will not be apt to
show the vices of which I am about
to speak, but for which the rider must
be prepared.
If a horse bolts the rider should not
fatigue himself by taking a steady drag
upon the mouth. Leaning back, with
the breech well under him, and bearing
no weight in the stirrups, the rider
should take a succession of pulls upon
the bit, one following the other suffi-
ciently near to obtain cumulative
effect. When the horse appears to
64 HOW TO RIDE
yield to the bit, advantage should be
taken of the moment, to prevent his
again extending himself, by increased
exertions upon the part of the rider,
whose power should be reserved as far
as possible to seize this opportunity. I
know of no way to prevent a horse
bolting ; by keeping his head up with
the snaffle-rein the rider will have
greater command of the horse, but the
use of severe bits will not deter a
confirmed bolter from indulging his
vicious propensity.
If a horse rears the reins should be
loosened, and if the rider require sup-
port he should seize the mane, without,
however, letting the reins drop from
his hands. The spurs should not be
apphed while the horse is rising, but as
AND SCHOOL A HORSE. 55
he comes down the legs of the rider
should be closed to induce the horse
to go forward. If the horse refuses to
go forward, the rider will find the side
of the mouth with which the horse is
not prepared to resist, by drawing the
reins from right to left, and holding
the rein of that side low he will pull
the horse around, aiding the hand
by the appKcation of the spur on that
side. If when the horse rears he sinks
upon his hind-quarters, the rider should
endeavour to leave the horse by seizing
the mane and throwing himself aside,
and although he may not be able to
clear himself of the horse he will at
least avoid coming down under the
saddle.
If a horse is shy at passing an object
56 HOW TO RIDE
lie can generally be made to proceed
by turning his head away, and passing
him along with the leg opposite to the
object, as in traversing. If he is a
young horse, and does not seem to
have known fear, he will usually face
that which has caused his alarm if he
is allowed to take as much room as the
way offers. The rider should avoid, as
much as is possible, taking notice of
the horse's fright, as any nervousness
on the part of the rider will confirm
the horse in the opinion that there is
danger. If a horse takes alarm on the
road at things with which he is
familiar, it is either through defective
eye-sight, or because he has found out
that he can take liberties with his
rider. A man of discretion wiU know
AND SCHOOL A HORSE. 57
when a horse should be whipped up to
an object of which there is a pretence
of fear, but the horse must never be
struck after he has passed on.
I do not Hke a horse that has low
action, for he must trip, and he is
likely, sooner or later, to come down.
A horse stumbles when, through weak-
ness, weariness, or stiffness from age
and work, he is not able to recover
himseK from a trip. He usually bears
the evidence of his accident on his
knees.
A horse that stumbles from weakness
is not fit for saddle use. If the rider
is unfortunate enough to find himself
mounted upon a horse that gives in-
dications of being insecure upon his
feet, he should demand free and lively
68 HOW TO RIDE
action, with rein and legs. The horse
should not be allowed to become in-
dolent, nor be permitted to hang upon
the bit. On descending a hill the horse
must have liberty of action, for if he
steps too short he is liable to come
down ; and a horse that is checked has
not suflScient freedom for his safety.
It is after a long day's work that a
weary horse may for the first time
stumble, and it is a mistaken idea of
kindness that induces the rider to let a
horse take his head upon such an occa-
sion. The horse misses the encourage-
ment of the rein and the support of the
leg, and is invited to fall. Besides it
is much more fatiguing for him to
bear his burden, deprived of his usual
aids, and in drooping spirits. Finally,
AND SCHOOL A HORSE. 69
in case of a fall, either of a stumbling
horse, or under any other circum-
stances, the rider should hold on to
the rein until he is assured that his
feet are free of the stirrups.
60 HOW TO KIDE
PAET IL
HOW TO SCHOOL A HOKSE,
The Eaely Education of the Hobse.
In order that he may never chafe
against restraint, the horse should
never know perfect freedom. From
the hour he is foaled he should be
accustomed to the sight of man, and
behef in man's power should increase
with his knowledge. He must be
treated with kindness ; but indulgence
AND SCHOOL A HORSE. 61
will spoil his temper, and he acquires
a contempt for the authority that is
tardily enforced.
At six months of age the colt should
be broken to follow with the halter,
and be made to submit at a time when
his resistance cannot have such suc-
cess as to encourage him in rebelKon.
At two years of age he should be made
to bear the saddle without repugnance,
and to know the effects of the bit. If
he is intended for riding purposes he
should never be put in a bitting-
machine, as all contrivances of that
kind teach him to bear upon the hand,
a habit that is incompatible with per-
fect manners. But, from the time
he is two years old, he should be
lunged, at intervals that will insure
62 HOW TO EIDE
his retaining that which is taught
him, with the cavesson.
By the time he is ready to bear the
weight of the rider he should be per-
fectly familiar with the stable, and
should submit to all the manipulations
of the groom. At three years of age,
if he be a well-developed colt, he may
be mounted by someone whom he well
knows, and induced to go forward a
few steps. In all of his previous edu-
cation, and particularly at this junc-
ture, he should be treated with firmness
but great gentleness, and he should be
encouraged by hand and voice when-
ever his conduct deserves approval.
If he has been treated as I advise,
he will not be Ukely to show any
restiveness on the occasion of his
AND SCHOOL A HORSE. 63
being mounted for the first time, and
the trainer will, perhaps, never ex-
perience any trouble with him. It is
not improbable that upon the third or
fourth day that he is mounted he will,
on being taken beyond his usual limits,
show some disinclination to yield to
the wiU of the rider, and refuse to go
in a direction for which he has some
dislike. No violence should be resorted
to in such a case, but if he will not
answer the bit and the pressure of the
legs, he may be led by some one who
should be at hand in these early lessons
to assist the trainer.
The snaffle, alone, should be used at
first, and the rider should hold his
hand high or low, as the horse bears
down or raises his head. He should
64 HOW TO RIDE
be ridden in this bit until be readily
answers to it, and the rider should
teach him, as early as possible, to go
forward at the pressure of the legs.
No whip should be carried in the early
mounted lessons, and in the lunging
on the cavesson the whip should never
be used to cause pain.
If the colt is naturally heavy in the
shoulders he should be made to carry
himseK light by short pulls upon the
snaffle, from below upwards. The ac-
tive resistance of the mouth should be
overcome by gentle vibrations of the
bit.
When he will go quietly in the
snaffle, and has been made familiar
with the usual sights and sounds of
the road, he may be put into the
AND SCHOOL A HORSE. 65
double-reined bridle. The snaffle will
be used to regulate the height of the
head, and to begin the changes of
direction : the bit will be used to teach
the horse to give the jaw and to bring
in the head, as I have before de-
scribed.
These bittings are never to be aban-
doned, and they must be daily prac-
tised, so that the horse will yield to
the first demand of the bit.
When the horse is obedient to the
bit he should be made to collect his
forces in equilibrium, and he is then
prepared for schooling in those higher
branches of his education that are to
make him, what is so highly to be
desired, a trained horse.
By firmness and gentleness the horse
5
66 HOW TO RIDE
can, by means of the system I have
advised, be readily made quiet to ride.
If he becomes shy it will be because
his vision is defective. A young horse^
properly treated, will acquire so much
confidence in his master that he will
face objects about w^hich he has grave
suspicions. Each time that he finds
his terror groundless, his fear of strange
objects will be lessened, and I have
seen horses, trained in this w^ay, that
would shy at nothing when under the
saddle.
The Pirouettes.
The precision with wdiich the pirou-
ettes are made, w^ill determine the
AND SCHOOL A HORSE. 67
grace and facility with which the horse
will execute all movements.
Pirouettes on the Fore-hand,
The horse, saddled and bridled, will
be taken to some retired spot. The
riding-school is, of course, the best
place for these lessons, but any smooth
ground will answer, where there is
nothing to distract his attention.
It is intended that the horse shall
carry his croup around his fore-hand,
the outside fore-leg acting as the pivot
in the movement. The trainer will
stand at the shoulder of the horse, and,
if the first movement is to be made to
the right, on the near side of the
horse.
With his left hand he will take both
5 *
68 HOW TO EIDE
reins of the curb at about four inches
from the branch of the bit. He will
then induce the horse to give his jaw,
and to bring his head into a perpen-
dicular position, by drawing the reins
in gentle vibrations towards the chest
of the horse, yielding the hand when-
ever the horse answers to the pressure,
and repeating the operation whenever
the horse shows a disposition to go out
of hand. With the whip he will then
tap the horse upon the rump until the
hind legs are brought well under the
body. The horse will then be in a
position to make a move in any dii'ec-
tion without any further preparation.
The horse being thus collected, the
trainer will give gentle taps of the
whip upon his near Hank, until the
J
AND SCHOOL A HORSE. 69
animal moves one step to the right,
the fore-hand being held stationary by
the bit in the left hand, and resistance
of that part overcome by feeling the
right side of the mouth. As soon as
this one step to the right, by the
hind- quarters, is taken, the taps of
the whip must cease, and the horse
should be encouraged, so that he
may know that his effort has met
with approval.
This change of position will throw
him out of line, his off fore-leg being
too far in rear. By a tap of the
whip upon the off fore-arm he will be
brought straight, and the trainer should
again show his satisfaction by a kind
word or a touch of the hand. Let
these proceedings be continued until
70 HOW TO RIDE
the horse steps off promptly : but he
should notj at first, take more than one
step at a time, and must never be
permitted to volunteer a movement.
After each change of position he is
to be put straight, and he will be
kept collected by the hand and the
whip.
The same means, right and left
being interchanged, will teach him to
pass in the opposite direction.
These lessons should be repeated at
intervals, so that they are not rendered
Irksome or fatiguing to the horse, until
he will complete his circles, either
way, without taking up the pivot, or
outside foot.
These pirouettes will now be made
with the rider in the saddle ; and if
AND SCHOOL A HOESE. 71
the work on foot has been faithfully
performed the horse will be well
advanced in his education.
Bringing the horse into equilibrium,
the rider will play with the right rein
of the curb to destroy the resistances
of the shoulder, and with his left leg
will make the horse carry the croup one
step to the right. The right leg of the
rider will be held close to the side of
the horse, to limit the movement
to one step, to prevent him moving
backward, and to assist the off fore-leg
in taking its place in the new position.
Taking one step at a time, the horse
will complete the movement about the
near or outside fore-leg, w^hich has been
the pivot.
By inverse means, and observing the
72 HOW TO KIDE
same care, the reversed pirouette will
be made to the left.
When the horse will make the circle
by the one step and the stop, with ease
and without resistance, he will be made
to complete the pirouettes without the
stop, step by step ; his head carried
in on the side of the approaching
croup. That is, if the croup is passing
to the right the head will be carried to
the right, to give an easy and graceful
carriage to the horse in the movement.
Pirouettes on the Croup.
In these movements the fore-hand
will go about the croup, the inner
hind-leg being the pivot. To show the
horse w^hat is expected of him, a few
lessons should be given on foot, in the
AND SCHOOL A HORSE. 73
following manner : — The trainer will
stand in front of the horse, and, taking
a snaffle-rein in each hand, in order to
direct the fore-hand and to fix the
croup, he will lead the horse about, a
step at a time, taking pains to keep
the pivot-leg as stationary as is possible
under such circumstances.
He will then mount the horse and
put him in equilibrium. With a snaffle-
rein in each hand he will, if pirouetting
to the left, draw the horse to the left
with the rein of that side, fixing the
croup with the snaffle in the right hand.
The right leg will be kept close to the
side of the horse to prevent the croup
coming against it, and to keep that
side of the horse up in its place in the
movement if required. The fore-hand
74 HOW TO EIDE
will be brought about in this way until
the horse's jDOsition is reversed, and he
stands facing the direction opposite to
that from which he started. Then he
will be put in line, the right leg of the
rider being used to bring up the right
side of the horse. By the assistance
of the aids, right and left being ex-
<jhanged, the horse will be practised in
the movement to the right. In the
same way the horse will then be made
to complete the circle, pivoting on
the croup, to the right and to the left,
the outside leg being brought up as the
balance requires its support. After the
horse will perform these pirouettes on
the snaffle-bit, the curb will be used at
the finish of the movement, and then
the curb-bit, the reins carried in the
AND SCHOOL A HORSE. 75
hand to which the horse turns, will be
used. Finally the horse will be made
to do the pirouettes to either side, with
the curb-reins carried in the left hand.
To make the pirouettes on the haunches
neatly and quickly, the forces of the
fore-hand will be well carried back, so
that the horse will rise off the ground
in making the face about. The hind-
leg on the inside is to be the pivot,
and the other hind-leg will be brought
up during the movement to give it the
finish.
After the horse has been taught to
traverse, and to make the changes in
the gallop for which these lessons have
prepared him, he will be ready to make
the pirouettes upon the croup in action.
To this end he will be ridden in circles,
76 HOW TO EIDE
then in voltes or circles in which the
croup follows an inner path and the
fore-hand an outer path : the pirouette
results when the horse will make the
vulte -without moving his hind-legs awajr
from the pivoting ground.
Tk AVER SING.
If the reader has mastered all that
has appeared in these pages to this
point, he should be able to make his
horse j)erform everything that is pos-
sible to the animal. It only remains
for me to point out the best manner
for obtaining the best effects in the
more important movements.
In traversing, or passing sideways to
the right and to the left, the horse
AND SCHOOL A HORSE. 77
•should be placed at siicli an angle, with
the line upon which the movement is
directed, the shoulders in advance of
the croup, that his legs may move
freely, and his carriage be light and
unconfined. Suppose the horse is
standing perpendicularly to the line of
the movement, and it is intended to
traverse to the right, the rider will
make the croup pass one step to
the left, which will bring him into the
proper position for traversing in the
opposite direction. The resistance of
the shoulders will be overcome by the
right rein, and the left leg will cause
the horse to step off to the right, the
two aids demanding the position and
the movement, the right leg being
ready to assist in keeping the horse up
78 HOW TO EIDE
in his place, and to prevent the croup
coming too far to that side. He must
be kept in equihbrium and at the proper
angle to the line of march, or the
movement will be awkward and uneven.
He will be made to traverse, at a speed
not faster than a w^alk, in direct hues
and in circles, to the right and to the
left, taking care that in the circles the
body of the horse keeps the proper
angle at every point in the circum-
ferences.
He may then be brought to perform
the traverse at the jmssage, which is the
high step that is produced by restraining
the advance of the horse, and at the
same time demanding from him in-
creased action and exertion. The
horse being at the trot in a dii'ect line,
AND SCHOOL A HOKSE. 79
the rider will induce the action of the
passage by the pressure of the legs,
alternately as the horse raises the
opposite fore-leg, and by restraining
with the hand any increase of speed ;
then with the direct rein and opposite
leg the horse will be made to traverse,,
the high step of the passage being re-
tained in the movement by accentuating
the pressure of the opposite spur as the
horse raises the fore-leg on the side to
which he is passing. The heel of the
rider on the side to which the move-
ment tends will be used to keep the
horse up to the line, and to prevent,
the croup going over too far. The re-
sult should be a regularly cadenced
action, in which the horse dwells at
each step, the effect of the increased
•80 HOW TO RIDE
pressure of the rider's leg being to keep
the legs of the horse suspended for the
moment. But the croup must not be
driven over too far, and the equilibrium
must be observed. In traversing at the
passage the weight of the horse is, at
each cadence, sustained upon two legs
diagonally opposed, w^hile the other two
are carried beyond them in the direc-
tion of the movement — the shoulders
slightly in advance upon one path, the
croup in simultaneous actions following
another parallel path. At each step the
horse leaves the ground, and is for the
moment in the air.
The traverse in the gallop may be
obtained by similar means. The horse
being put into the gallop on the direct
hue, and leading with the legs of the
AND SCHOOL A HORSE. 81
side on which the movement will be
made. As the horse comes upon the
ground where the traversing is to
begin, he will be permitted to make one
false step with the croup as he takes
the position for the traverse, to be cor-
rected at the second step in the move-
ment. In the same way when he is
put into the direct line he will be per-
mitted to make one false step with the
croup to preserve his balance, to be
brought into the true gallop at the
second step upon the new Hne.
Changes in the Gallop.
It is agreed on all sides that the
changes in the gaUop are not only the
82 HOW TO EIDE
most striking and important of all the
movements, but that in them is also
found the highest test of the skill of
the rider. But hardly any two authori-
ties have agreed upon the method by
which this is to be taught, and few can
be found who hold the same opinion as
to the best manner of making the
trained horse change in the gallop. I
have never had any faith in the method
so usually accepted, even by the highest
authority, of teaching the horse to
gallop by a false method, to aftei-wards
substitute a better one in demanding
his performance of that pace.
If the fore-hand of the horse is
lightened by bringing back its forces,
that side will be the lighter from which
we demand the most ; and to make
AND SCHOOL A HOKSE. 83
the horse lead with the one side or the
other is simply to make the hand act
more upon the side from which we
desire the highest action. If, then we
wish to gallop with the right side of
of the horse giving the extended
strides, we should make play with the
bit upon that side of his fore-hand, and
bring his croup around with the pres-
sure of the left leg. The horse will
then lead off as desired, with his head
in the proper position, and there will
be nothing to correct.
Although the direct rein has been,
before this time, used to teach the
gallop, it is for the purpose of pulling
the shoulders in so that the horse, his
croup being brought around by the
opposite spur, will not be able to take
6 *
84 HOW TO EIDE
the extended step with the outside
leg. Although this accomplishes the
object, it gives cramped and ungraceful
action. I heheve that the theory I
advance is original with me, and I
know that it gives the best results^
for it is the method that Baucher and
other great authorities use after the
horse has been taught by some ruder
means.
To make a horse lead wdth a certain
side, therefore, the direct rein will make
play, supported by the opposing leg.
At first the horse will be made to
gallop in the line, then in circles,
gradually diminishing in diameter,
always leading with the leg of the side
to which he is going. When the horse
will answer to the aids, and will lead
i
AND SCHOOL A HORSE. 85
with either leg, as may be required,
without hesitation or blundering, the
rider will turn him from a circle to the
right or the left, to one on the other
hand, aj^plying, quickly but without
violence, the hand as fche fore-feet finish
the first part, the leg as the hind-feet
finish the last part of the gallop in the
•old direction.
When this has been accompKshed
without destroying or interfering with
the cadences of the gait, it will be a
mere matter of practice to make the
changes at any finished step in the
direct hne.
To Stop in the Gallop.
While it is only in the gallop in
equilibrium that the horse can be
86 HOW TO RIDE
brought to a finished halt, yet the same
means, in a form modified by the rider's
appreciation of the circumstances, may
be effectually used to make the horse
draw up in the extended gallop.
The horse being in the best approxi-
mate equilibrium, the rider will bring
him to a stop by leaning back and
pressing in his legs as the hind-legs of
the horse begin one cadence of the gait,
and raise the hand, and bear upon the bit
as the fore-legs begin the next cadence.
The result will be that the horse will
stop without another cadence, for the
heels bring in and the weight of the
body fixes the hind-legs, and the hand
restrains and brings back the forces of
the fore-hand, and prevent the mass
advancing. These applications of the
AND SCHOOL A HORSE. 87
aids must be made with celerity and
precision, but without violence.
To Back.
In backing the horse the offices of
the fore-hand and croup are inter-
changed ; for now the impulsion comes
from the fore-hand, and the heels
restrain and direct the forces of the
croup upon the course.
Standing at the head of the horse,
the trainer will bring him into equili-
brium, taking care that the shoulders
and croup are in a line. Then with a
tap of the whip upon the croup he mil
induce the beginning of a forward
movement from that part by the raising
88 HOW TO KIDE
of one of the hind-legs, but before
the mass acquires the forward motion
the horse wdll be made to carry the
raised hind-leg one step in rear, by a
pressure upon the bit. He will then
be collected, and made to take one
other step backw^ards in the same
manner. The next day he may be
made to take two consecutive steps ;
and he will be taught carefully and
without haste, until he will move back
several steps and still retain his light-
ness.
The rider will then mount the horse,
and, having brought him into equili-
brium, will, by a pressure of the legs, in-
duce the raising of one of the hind-legs,
which wall be carried back one step by
a pressure of the bit. The whole art
AND SCHOOL A HORSE. 89
of teaching the horse to back lies in
these instructions : but the rider must
proceed cautiously so that the horse
will acquire the movement in an
easy and light manner. Let him be
satisfied with a few steps well done
each day, until the horse acquires
perfection in the movement. The legs
will always be carried close to the sides
of the horse to keep him straight, and
to prevent the forces from yielding too
much ; the hand must influence the
forces of the fore-hand only enough to
produce the backward motion, without
bringing them back so far as to destroy
the equilibrium. When the rider
wishes to stop the horse backing he
will increase the pressure of the legs
and yield the hand in some cadence of
90 HOW TO EIDE
the movement, and will start the horse
forward in the walk without coming to
a marked halt.
The horse may be made to go back-
wards with the actions of the trot or
the gallop, by the same means that are
used to make him back in the motions
of the walk.
When Ladies Eide.
All the instructions contained in
these pages, excej)t so far as regards
those for gymnastics and for the seat,
will apply to ladies, when the w^hip will
take the place of the right leg of the
man.
The whip should be strong and
AND SCHOOL A HORSE. 91
straight, and the horse will be trained
to answer to its application in exactly
the same way as to the pressure of
the man's leg.
It is only necessary to say a few
words about the seat. I have no
improvement to suggest in a saddle by
a good maker, beyond remarking that
it must fit the rider, and insisting that
in addition to the double safety- stirrup
the leathers should hang from spring-
bars in the tree, the bar inclining
upwards from the front, so that the
stirrup may not be detached in case
the rider carries her left leg back, as
many are in the habit of doing.
The lady should so sit upon the horse
that her weight will fall perpendicularly
to the back of the horse; her face
92 HOW TO RIDE
directly to the front, her shoulders
drawn back, and her elbows held to
her sides. She will permit her body,
from the hips upwards, to bend mth
the motions of the horse, in order
that she may preserve her balance.
The reins are to be held in the manner
prescribed for men, the hand in front
of the body, and in a line with the
elbow. The whip is to be carried
in the right hand, with the point
towards the ground. The horse should
never be struck with the wdiip upon the
head, neck, or shoulder. To apply
the aid upon those parts will teach him
to swerve, and render him nervous at
the motions of the rider. In a lady's
hand the whip simply takes the place
of a spur for the right side.
AND SCHOOL A HORSE. 93
The horns of the saddle, the super-
fluous one at the right being dispensed
with, should be of such lengths and
curvatures as will suit the rider.
The right leg will hold the upright
horn close in the bend in the knee, by
such a pressure as the action of the
horse or other circumstances will
dictate.
The left foot will be thrust into
the stirrup to the ball of the foot, and
the heel will, as a rule, be carried
down ; but when the heel is elevated
the upper part of the left knee should
find support in the side-horn, and for
that end the stirrup-leather will be
given such a length as will permit
this. By the grasp given by the ele-
vation of the left knee from the stirrup
94 HOW TO RIDE
and the embrace upon the upright
horn by the right leg, the rider
will have as strong a seat as her
strength can afford ; and with a
proper balance she w^ill not be Hkely
to find a horse that will unseat her.
As a fall of the horse is attended with
great perils to a lady rider, she should
never be mounted upon an animal
whose legs betray any weakness, or
whose knees give evidence of stum-
bling, or upon one that is not master
of her w^eight. The lady must see that,
in turning to the right or left, her horse
leads on the side to which he bends,
and she should carry her inside
shoulder sHghtly back at the same
time, so that the centre of gravity of
the mass will be preserved. The leg
AND SCHOOL A HORSE. 95
will support the horse in turning to the
right, the whip will give support in
turning to the left.
The lady who desires to excel in
horsemanship should, when an oppor-
tunity offers, witness the performance
of some school-rider of her sex. A
few pubKc lessons from such mistresses
of the art as Mademoiselle Guerra or
Mademoiselle Elise de Yienne, will be
of very great advantage.
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